Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Principles and Types

Post traumatic stress disorder as the name suggests is a syndrome of processes which are dynamically related in psychobiological manner (Erica, 2011).The affected areas of the body include the nervous system, the brain and hormonal system. Changes thus occur in the manner in which one behaves afterwards and in the manner in which one perceives things (Wilson, Keane, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Principles and Types specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When one experiences terrific incidents which could be heard, seen or felt, the aftermath may not be that pleasant. It could be stress. The stressors could include horrifying incidents of mass death, witnessing a rape case or natural disasters like landslides. The person’s response to the horrifying incidents may be emotion and fear, ego defenses and cognitive alterations, and even helplessness (Wilson, et al, 2004). There are a number of basic principles of assessing the disorder. Studies have indicated that there is not much of a difference between the PTSD and the non-PDST (Kawata, Itman, 2006). The difference only comes where the PDST patients having a relatively higher portion of widows were well reared in the urban areas. Looking at the diagnoses given at the outpatient clinics, fewer patients suffering from PDST’s diagnosis referred to Axis (Corales, 2005). A number of issues are to be taken into consideration as for the treatment of the PDST. These factors include the type of trauma, chronicity of PDST, gender and age (Foa, 2009). Research on the need for treatment began in the early 1980s with improvements to the point of introduction of DSM-111. Ever since numerous case reports have been published. These studies are diverse and hence the conclusions which can be drawn from the studies vary with the varying disorders (Foa, 2009). A good number of people exposed to traumatic stre ss do not develop it forever. They have adequate resilience to protect them from developing the disorder. Research on risk factor categorizes the PTDS into three groups namely, the pre-traumatic actors, the peri-traumatic actors and the post traumatic factors (Friedman, Keane and Resik, 2010). The symptoms associated with the PTSD disorder may vary depending on the type patient. If one’s dramatization was interpersonal, prolonged and occurred early, then the symptoms may be complex. The most common symptoms include changes in the regulation of emotion and impulses or instance, a patient of PTSD finds difficulty in managing and controlling anger or even sexual involvement (Timothy, 2007). As for the changes of one’s consciousness. The patient experiences amnesia when one develops chronic pains, digestive system problems along with evident symptoms of cardiopulmonary; Panic is also obvious in the current case. Alterations in one’s perception of other things may be accompanied by self blame, shame as well as guilt.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The patient develops poor interpersonal relationships with others which is unhealthy along with the feeling of guilt as well as loneness. There is helplessness and lack o meaning in life (Williams, 2009).  The treatment applied in case of PTSD disorder is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which in turn is subdivided into two kinds of treatment; they are Cognitive Processing Therapy and Prolonged Exposure Therapy (Wilson Keane, 2004). In accordance with the first way of treatment, a patient tries to learn the way trauma has changed their way of thinking and feelings. The second treatment consists in the fact that a person utters one’s problem a number of times until memories no longer hurt. The person is on purpose go to places that have been associated with this or that particul ar trauma (Wilson Keane, 2004) References Corales, T. (2005). Focus on post traumatic stress disorder. New York: Nova science. David, E. (2011). PTSD: a spouse’s perspective: how to survive in a world of PTSD (p. 1). Bloomington: Bow press. Foa,. B. (2009). Effective treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: Guilford Press. Friedman, M. J., Keane, T. M., Resick, P. (2010). Handbook of PTSD: science and practice. New York: Guilford Press. Kawata, M., itman, R. (2006).PTSD: brain mechanisms and clinical implications. new york, tokyo: springer.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Principles and Types specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Timothy, K. (2007). PTSD: Pathways through the Secret Door. New York: Gardeners Books. Williams, B., Poijula, S. (2009). The PTSD workbook : simple, effective techniques for overcoming traumatic stress symptoms. Portland: Read HowYouWant. Wilson, J. Keane, P. (2004). PTSD and complex PTSD symptoms, syndromes and diagnoses: Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press. This coursework on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Principles and Types was written and submitted by user Demetrius Huff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Entertainment Architecture and Disney Design

Entertainment Architecture and Disney Design The Walt Disney Company must be a fun place to work. Even the Seven Dwarfs have smiles on their faces as they sing Heigh-ho, Heigh-ho, its off to work we go!   But who knew cartoon characters would be asked to hold up the floors of Disney Headquarters in Burbank, California? Designed by internationally known American architect Michael Graves, this whimsical building is a landmark example of entertainment architecture. Disney Architecture Needs Disney Architects The Walt Disney Company is not just for kids. When you visit any of the Disney theme parks or hotels, youll find buildings designed by some of the worlds leading architects, including Michael Graves. Typically, theme park architecture is as the name implies - thematic. Borrowing popular motifs from history and fairy tales, theme park buildings are designed to tell a story. For example, its well known that the romantic Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany inspired Disneyland’s Sleeping Beauty Castle in Southern California. But the Walt Disney Company wanted more when Michael Eisner took over in 1984. Were not about safe-deposit boxes. Were in the entertainment business, Eisner told The New York Times. And so the company set out to find architects to develop an entertainment architecture. Architects Who Have Designed for the Walt Disney Company All architects do not submit to the blatant commercialism behind entertainment architecture. Most notably, when the Disney Company was enlisting architects for their Disney World expansion, Pritzker Laureate James Stirling (1926-1992) denied Disneys advances - the commercialization of Britains Queen, the   changing of the guard, and other regal traditions soured the Scottish-born architect on using architecture for frivolous commercial promotion. Many postmodernists, however, jumped at the challenge of designing an architecture whose purpose was to envelop entertainment. They also jumped at the chance to be part of the powerful Disney empire. Architecture becomes magic, whether designing for Disney or not in the 1980s and 1990s. Robert A. M. Stern may be the most prolific Disney architect. At the Walt Disney World Resort, his designs for the BoardWalk and the 1991 Yacht and Beach Club Resorts are modeled after New England private resorts and clubs - a theme Stern also used for the 1992 Newport Bay Club Hotel at Paris Disneyland in Marne-La-Vallà ©e, France. Even more Disneyesque is Sterns 1992 Hotel Cheyenne in France - conceived in the image of a nineteenth-century American western town, but filtered through the lens of Hollywood....Hotel Cheyenne is the town itself. The meaning of the lens of Hollywood is, of course, what became known as the Disney version and not the 1973 horror tale of robots gone amok in the Westworld movie by Michael Crichton. A New York architect known for his sleek, postmodern urban designs, Stern developed the art moderne Disney Ambassador Hotel in 2000 in Urayasu-shi, Japan - a design that looks back to an architecture that represented the promise, magic, and glamour of a time when travel and movies were a romantic escape. Stern is also a champion of the new urbanism movement. In 1997 Sterns architecture firm, RAMSA, was chosen to design the Master Plan for Disneys planned community known as Celebration, Florida. It was to be a real community, where real people live and commute to nearby Orlando, but modeled after a typical sleepy Southern town of children, bikes, and neighborhood pets. Postmodernist architects were enlisted to design playful town buildings, such as the multi-columned Town Hall by Pritzker Laureat Philip Johnson and the Googie-styled movie theater designed by Cesar Pelli. Michael Graves designed a small post office that looks like a lighthouse, or a silo, or a ships smokestack. Graham Gunds inn is designed for visitors to step into 1920s Florida relaxation, but Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown planned the local bank to look like the old J.P. Morgan vault on the Corner of Wall Street in Lower Manhattan - all postmodern fun. Colorado architect Peter Dominick (1941-2009) knew how to design Disneys Wilderness Lodge and Animal Kingdom Lodge - resort rustic based on American Rockies. The whimsical Michael Graves (1934-2015) incorporated swans and dolphins, waves and shells into the architecture of the Walt Disney World Swan and Walt Disney World Dolphin hotels. Charles Gwathmey (1938-2009) designed Bay Lake Tower to look like a modern convention center and hotel, which it was. Disney employees work in Team Disney office buildings, which in a postmodern world are designed to look like cartoons. Michael Graves dwarf-clad headquarters building in Burbank, California substitutes dwarfs for Classical order columns. Japanese architect Arata Isozaki uses sundials and mouse ears within the Orlando, Florida Team Disney building. Italian architect Aldo Rossi (1931-1997) created Celebration Place, an office complex that is a drive-by lesson of postmodernism in the history of architecture. When Rossi won the Pritzker Prize in 1990, the jury cited his work as being bold and ordinary, original without being novel, refreshingly simple in appearance but extremely complex in content and meaning. This is the architecture of a Disney architect. Disney Design Specifications At Disney, architects may (1) strive for historic authenticity and recreate historic buildings; (2) take a whimsical approach and exaggerate storybook images; (3) create subtle, abstract images; or (4) do all of these things. How? Take a look at the Swan and Dolphin hotels designed by Michael Graves. The architect creates a storybook destination without stepping on the toes of any Disney character. Giant sculptures of swans, dolphins, and shells not only greet each guest, but also stay with the visitors throughout their journey. Sculptures are everywhere.   Located near EPCOT in the Walt Disney World ® Resort, the hotels architectural theme not only takes storybook-like figures, but also environmental elements as their theme. Like the swans and dolphins, water and sunlight are everywhere. Waves are painted as murals on the hotels facade. The hotel itself is an entertainment destination. What is Entertainment Architecture? Entertainment architecture is the design of commercial buildings with a focus on amusing themes. The approach has  been loosely promoted and/or defined by the entertainment industry, with the Walt Disney Company leading the way. You might suppose that entertainment architecture is the architecture of theaters and amusement parks, and structures exclusively designed by Disney architects. However, the term entertainment architecture can refer to any building or structure, regardless of its location and function, provided that it is designed to stimulate the imagination and encourage fantasy and whimsy. The Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall in California may be a hall for entertainment, but its design is pure Gehry. Some works of entertainment architecture are playful recreations of famous monuments. Some feature enormous statues and fountains. Entertainment architecture is often considered postmodern because it uses familiar shapes and details in unexpected ways. Examples of Entertainment Architecture Perhaps the most striking illustrations of entertainment architecture are amusing theme hotels. The Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, for example, is designed to resemble a giant pyramid filled with over-sized imitations of ancient Egyptian artifacts. In Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the Fantasyland Hotel stimulates make-believe by decking out rooms in various themes, like the Old West and ancient Roman splendor. You will also find many examples of entertainment architecture in Disney World and other theme parks. The Swan Dolphin Hotels may be considered entertainment architecture as guests discover giant birds lurking through windows into lobbies. It is a destination in and of itself. Likewise, the exaggerated pediment at Disney Headquarters in Burbank, California is not supported by Classical columns but is held up by six of the Seven Dwarfs. And Dopey? Hes at the top, within the pediment, unlike any other symbolic statuary youve ever seen. Building a Dream One of the best sources for in-depth information on buildings at Disney resorts world-wide is Building a Dream: The Art of Disney Architecture by Beth Dunlop. Dont let the Disney name in the subtitle fool you. Building a Dream is not a travel guide, a childs storybook or a sugarcoated romanticization of the Disney empire. Instead, Dunlops picture-packed book is a careful study of the imaginative and often-revolutionary designs found in Disney theme parks, hotels, and corporate offices. At over two hundred pages and with a focus on the Michael Eisner years, Building a Dream includes interviews with architects, drawings and color photos along with a helpful bibliography. Author Dunlop has written for numerous architecture, design, and travel magazines, as well as being the architecture critic at the Miami Herald for fifteen years. In Building a Dream, Dunlop approaches Disney architecture with the care and respect of an anthropologist. She examines original concept drawings and historic photographs and she conducts extensive interviews with architects, imagineers and corporate leaders. Architecture enthusiasts will be fascinated by the inside story of how the trendy architects Eisner hired managed to incorporate Disney motifs into complex and often abstract designs. Building a Dream is a book studded with anecdotes: We learn about the heated competition to build the Swan and Dolphin hotels and the oriental philosophies expressed in Isozakis striking Team Disney building. We make dizzy and sometimes disorienting leaps from Disneyland to Walt Disney World to EuroDisney. An occasional technical term, such as scuppers along the parapet may leave some readers baffled, but overall Dunlops tone is relaxed and conversational. Devoted Disney fans may wish Dunlop had spent more time on Cinderellas castle and Thunder Mountain. Even in its early days, the Walt Disney Company pioneered imaginative building styles. Dunlop traces the evolution of the first Disney Main Street, Future World and the original corporate offices. For Dunlop, however, the most exciting architecture was created when Eisner took over the company in 1984. When Eisner commissioned prize-winning architects to create new designs for Disney worldwide, the ideas baked into modern architecture were brought to the masses. This is the importance of the Disney architects. Sources Disney Deco by Patricia Leigh Brown, The New York Times, April 8, 1990 [accessed October 2, 2015]Additional photo of the Team Disney Building in Burbank, California by George Rose/Getty Images; additional photos of the Swan and Dolpin Hotels courtesy Swan Dolphin MediaWDW Architecture, magicalkingdoms.com/wdw/more/architecture.html [accessed January 25, 2018]RAMSA, Hotel Cheyenne, ramsa.com/project-detail.php?project451 and Disney Ambassador Hotel, ramsa.com/project-detail.php?project453langen [accessed January 28, 2018]Pritzker Prize, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/1990 [accessed January 26, 2018]

Land Use Element in San Marcos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Land Use Element in San Marcos - Research Paper Example Long term goals influence short term goals for example, in the private investment or specific plans. There are many advantages of this plan of San Marcos in that land use has considered the type of location. San Marcos location is a proximity away from good neighborhoods. Land use will ensure economic growth as San Marcos will have inhabitants who will conduct business or promote one. In addition, with new inhabitants so does need of education creep in, making San Marco an educational hub. However, this close proximity to a lot of neighborhoods enhnaces lack of privacy and a high population which comes with competition of resources. San Marcos modern areas are full of natural habitat like wildlife, agriculture and vernal pools. This is advantageous in that the sigh provides aesthetic relief, attracts rainfall and is thus encouraged and maintained. The main significant reason for leaving an open space and conservation are in san Marcos is that it makes it easy for individuals living there to identify the natural habitat, historical background of the area and the culture of the people. San Marco’s suburbs are intentionally packed with open space which has natural habitat. This is to set aside the rich and mighty from the rest of the town giving them the needed privacy. Moreover, the open space ensures a high quality of air away from polluted air of the cities. Open space and conservation will enhance the quality of living by staring with the air that residents breathe whci is qu;laity air. Its aesthetic beauty is also amazing Convesresely, even though the space is good for air and beauty open space widens the gap between the rich and the poor. This further drives the peole in different ways thus lack of unity. San Marco housing strives to deliver secure, but cheap housing for the community.

Legal Questions for Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Questions for - Essay Example Effect of such a clause Ahead of signing a contract, one of the parties involved, like the Artist in the above example, is under the compulsion to construct definite warranties to the company. These can vary from being accessible to record at specific times and places, to the guarantee that a forbidden composition is completely contained by the control of the artist, to the pledge that the performer is capable to sign the accord in the original place. In other instances, the production corporation may correspond to to its dispenser that it has the right to make public a record, the right to use the name of the artist and resemblance, and the right to allocate, or certify, all of the company's privileges to the distributor. Both of the parties have fine reliance, dependability to make sure representations sincerely and by means of the purpose of performing them to the correspondence of the contract. If a corporation relies on convinced warranties and suffers a trouncing as a corollary , the party making those warranties may be obligated to make fine that trouncing below the indemnification clause. (Jacobson 1) Ans 2) As , per the statement , Such clauses require a party to the contract to

Business Plan Paper On Grocery Delivery (only 2 sections of the Research

Business Plan On Grocery Delivery (only 2 sections of the overall ) - Research Paper Example It is an effective online marketplace facilitating simple buying as well as selling of groceries. Cornunopia Grocery Store aims to tap the growing Frisco, TX areas consumer goods market. Cornunopia Grocery Store mission is to provide an online stand where people can shop for groceries all along with door step delivery. It taps the unattended desires of the people who does not get traditional trading suitable due to many inescapable reasons. Cornunopia Grocery Store foremost mission is to grant convenience to the clients followed by best cost for money backed by excellence and pleasure. Cornunopia Grocery Store is a common stage where the distributors, retailers, as well as wholesalers, can provide their supplies to the needs of the home customers. It also enables a greater market arrive at the suppliers as well as convenience to the clients. Furthermore, it gives an online platform for household clients to choose from an extensive variety of products planned by the suppliers who are: distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. It as well permits the suppliers to enlist their goods to ramp up their retailing by raising their reach. This doorway also acts intermediately involving the distributor with wholesalers or retailer to deliver goods that are out of stock locally (Tanskanen & Holmstrà ¶m, 2015). This is meant for only the household clients. This model revolves around providing ease, quality as well as the best value for cash to the end consumer. The clients can browse through the catalogs as well as see the diverse items programmed by the suppliers. The buyer or client orders the select items and the company deliver the product or good on their doorsteps. This is their main focus, and it concentrates all of its initial capital at this. This model is destined for the wholesalers as well as retailers who need a number of goods which are not accessible in the local marketplace. This is for mass shipments and the store can

The effects of technology on society

The effects of technology on society The effects of technology on society The term technology is derived from the Greek word technologia which means the practical application of knowledge, particularly in a specific discipline of study. It is worthwhile to note that technology is an abstract term that lacks a single universally acceptable concrete definition. Nevertheless, it can be defined as the usage and application of knowledge concerning tools, crafts, techniques, methods or systems of organization, or a material end product of these things, such as clothing. It is a word that is used collectively to portray or describe the advancements, undertakings, creations, abilities, views and knowledge of a distinct group of people (Basalla 14-15). On the other hand, a human society can be defined as a group of people who are delineated by their cultural identity, functional interdependence and social solidarity. A comprehensive definition of this term also takes into account the social status and roles of the people within society. By extension, a society may be taken to mean a group of people within a given region or country, or even the whole world in totality. As such, the meaning of society is closely linked to what is deemed to be social. It is also worth to note that members of any given society share some common characteristics, such as a common goal and a common interest or mutual concern (Jenkins 18-20). Throughout history, technologies have significantly affected human beings and other species of animals in their ability to control and acclimatize to their natural environment. Historically, human beings started applying the use of technology with the improvisation of the existing natural resources into simple tools and equipment. For instance, the realization of the capacity to control fire augmented the existing sources of food, while the invention of the wheel helped human beings to control their environment and enhance transport. On the other hand, modern technological advancements such as the telephone, the printing press and the internet have minimized physical hurdles of communication. They have also enabled human beings to interact rapidly and freely on a global scale by transforming the world into a global village. Nevertheless, it is quite clear that not all technologies have been used by human beings for peaceful purposes. For instance, technology has been used to construc t destructive weapons that range from clubs to nuclear weapons (Basalla 20-25). Human beings are divided in their opinions about the general impact of technology on society. Some people believe that technology has really helped human societies while others disagree with this claim. Nevertheless, technology has influenced different societies both positively and negatively in various ways. For instance, technology has helped many societies, especially in the contemporary world to improve their economies as well as allowing for the creation of a leisure class. In addition, technological processes have often led to pollution of the environment and exhaustion of natural resources, thus harming the earth and its environment. Different modes of technological implementation also influence the values of different societies and in many cases, arrival of new technologies often raise new ethical questions. For instance, technological advancements have led to an increase in the idea of efficiency with regard to human production, a term which was in the past only applied to m achines, and the challenge of conventional customs. This paper looks at how the use of machines has impacted on the capacity of workers, the effects of computer and the cell phone on society, and the general impacts of technology to the environment. In the contemporary world, machines continue to automate most of the critical industrial and household processes. For instance, machines have taken up, and are continuing to substitute human workers in most of the mundane jobs in industries. This is because of the evolvement of technology such that machines can even perform tasks which cannot be done by man. The application of advanced technologies, like artificial intelligence and robotics has proved to be more effective in performing life-threatening tasks such as space exploration and mining. Nevertheless, there is an increasing concern in many countries about the deteriorating position of the semi-skilled and unskilled workers due to improved technology. It is argued that technological advancements have made many of these menial jobs obsolete or poorly paid. This situation has been mainly augmented by the growing modern computing technologies. Technological advancements have also impacted greatly on the value of the skills of wor kers. Old workers usually find it very difficult to adapt to new and complex technologies, while young workers rapidly and readily acquire and employ skills that are tailored towards new technologies. As a result, such technologies increase the value of young workers, while they reduce the productivity of the old workers (Edward 53-65). Needless to say that computer technology has transformed the face of the world today (Edward 66). Computers are capable of storing, processing, managing and organizing large quantities of information and data. They have also given birth to the software industry, which is one of the most developed industries in the world. Internet technology seeded from the concepts of computer networking and has grown to be the most effective platform of communication in the world, with the largest information base that exists in the modern world. The internet infrastructure, through the worldwide web has made it possible for people to communicate through email, websites, downloads, media and file sharing, so transforming the world into a global village. The internet infrastructure has also made it possible for researchers, scholars and other people to share information across the globe almost instantly. The internet has also given rise to significant positive changes in the advertising and entertain ment industries. Advertisements can therefore reach out to the populations within very few seconds and consequently, this has promoted the entertainment industry which relies heavily on advertisement. Simply stated, the internet has made it possible for societies in modern times to link up and promote the sharing of information and globalization (Edward 67-70). Cellular communication has also transformed the communication industry and the larger society as a whole to a very great extent. One of the earliest technological advancements in communication was the invention of the conventional telephone which was followed by the telegraph. Mobile phones have expanded the horizons of communication in the modern world through their capacity to allow for expedient long distance communication. They have enhanced the communication process in society because they provide different ways through which people can use to communicate to others, such as through calling and sending text messages. Therefore, important information or message can reach the receiver in a few seconds. Mobile phones also help to develop and support communication, contact and communication processes within society. In spite of all of their advantages, they can also impact negatively on society. For instance, some teenagers share pornographic information and photos by sending them us ing their mobile phones and this has created a very serious concern. In general, inappropriate use of the internet and mobile phones for purposes such as pornography has really polluted the social culture of the modern world (Fox 89-92). Most of the modern technological processes lead to the production of excessive waste products commonly referred to as industrial waste, and pollution. These wastes can be classified as either toxic wastes, electronic wastes or radioactive wastes. Even though some of the produced material waste is recycled and used in other industrial processes, much of it is released to the environment and the result is environmental pollution, degradation and lack of sustainability. Very few technologies in the modern world are designed with the contemplation of the environment in mind. Most of the technological advancements are directed towards economic gain rather than on environmental sustainability and this has caused a lot of direct detrimental effect on the environment, such as the depreciation of the ozone layer which has led to global warming. Historically, many societies sought to maintain their environments since they were the sources of wealth for the people. However, in the contemporary world, societies have failed to maintain and manage their environments and this has greatly affected the whole universe. The more delicate and obvious impacts of technology on the environment include the exhaustion of the worlds non-renewable natural resources such as coal, ores and petroleum, and the pollution of water, air and land mostly by industrial wastes and disposal. Effects of these impacts include global warming, loss of coastal wetlands, destruction of natural habitats and deforestation. While organisms are capable of recycling the wastes of other organisms naturally, there is no such mechanism of recycling for technological wastes and therefore they remain harmful to the environment for long periods of time (Fox 98-102). In conclusion, the aforementioned are only but a few fields that can be influenced by technology. It is indeed not possible to enlist all the effects (both positive and negative) of technology on society. Even though technology is in overall beneficial to world societies, it is relatively clear that technological advancement may be accompanied by negative side effects and drawbacks. In fact, every new technology is accompanied by unwanted or unexpected side effects. Therefore, it is necessary for societies to adapt to technological advancements that have minimal side effects on them, the environment and future generations. Works Cited Basalla, George. The Evolution of Technology. New York: Longman Publishing Group, 1988. Edward, McClellan. Science and Technology in World History. Washington: John Hopkins University Press, 2006. Fox, Frank. Women, Gender and Technology. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Jenkins, Reyes. Foundations of Sociology. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.

Physician-Assisted Suicide :: Essays Papers

Physician-Assisted Suicide Every second of every day somebody in the world dies. Some of these deaths will be natural and others will be unexpected, such as accidents and murders. People with terminal illnesses may feel the desire to die before their natural time. Many will also seek the advice and even help from their health care providers in ending their lives. However, despite the pain and suffering these people may go through everyday, physician-assisted suicide should never need to occur. We now have the privilege of living in a time where technology can help considerably in the care of the terminally ill, therefore creating other options besides death for these patients. There are cures, vaccines, and a wide variety of pharmaceutical drugs to ease pain and symptoms resulting from certain illnesses. In the testimony of Charles F. Gomez before the Subcommittee on the Constitution regarding the legalization of physician-assisted suicide he states, "We now have it well within our technical means to alleviate, to palliate, to comfort, and to control the worst of symptoms among those of our fellow citizens who are terminally ill." He goes on to say, "..the question.before the country at large is whether we have the heart, the courage, and the will to make it so, or whether we will opt for expedience, and call it mercy." If a person performs his or her role as a physician correctly, there would never be a reason for physician-assisted suicide to occur. That is the opinion o f Dr. John Mark, a physician at the University of Arizona Medical Center. He feels that there are other means of treating a person with a terminal or painful illness. It is important for a patient to know of all the options that are before them, as well as a clearly defined goal during treatment. There are also ways to end a persons life who wishes to die without actively assisting a death. Dr. Mark feels that a physician can stop treating a patient and still make a patient comfortable while they await for death to take its natural course. Many other people in the health care profession are against aiding in a patients death. They feel that it is against the ethical code that comes with their titles and though, part of being a doctor may mean aiding in death, it is wrong to actively help a patient commit suicide.

Within this assignment the writer will outline the main roles and responsibilities of a social worker

Within this assignment the writer will outline the main roles and responsibilities of a social worker within this family. Legal and policy principles will be discussed, practical and appropriate theories and research studies will be included and finally, the discussion of oppression and how it may be affecting this family will also be included. The writer will begin by giving a definition of social work, quoted from the British Association Of Social Workers (BASW). The Association has adopted the following definition of social work issued by the International Federation of Social Workers and the International Association of Schools of Social Work. It applies to social work practitioners and educators in every region and country in the world. â€Å"The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work (2001)†. Stephanie is a single mother of two young children. At this present time in her life she is finding things difficult. Stephanie left school at the age of sixteen and shortly after leaving school she became pregnant with her first child, Naomi, who is now six years old. When Naomi was two years old, Stephanie left home and moved into a council flat of her own close by to her mother and two elder sisters. Stephanie's relationship with these members of her family is not particularly good. Stephanie's mother and sisters believe that Stephanie's partner Paul is a burden on her. Paul, who works unsociable hours as a taxi driver, claims to be living at home with his parents. However, this is not the case, as he spends most of his time at Stephanie's flat. Paul may spend time at Stephanie's flat but he does not spend any quality time with Stephanie or their children. Stephanie has become depressed over the last six months. She resents having to look after the children on her own and she also feels isolated. Stephanie has asked the Area Office for help as her income support book has been taken off her because the D.S.S. beliefs that she is cohabiting. Stephanie's second child, Christopher, is 18 months old and he has regular visits from a health visitor. The health visitor is worried about Christopher's development and weight gain. As regards Naomi, her school teacher has noticed a deterioration in her behaviour and is worried about Naomi appearing upset, tired and subdued. Naomi has come to school feeling hungry and dressed inappropriately. The social worker's role in planning an assessment is to plan for the assessment and, in order to account for the complexity of the task should gather and record information in a systematic and precise way, checking information with the children and parents. Where there are differences over information these should be recorded and strengths and difficulties should be acknowledged. The assessment should be child-centred and therefore the impact of the situation on the child must be clearly identified. (Parker, J. & Bradley, G. 2005 Page 20) The roles and responsibilities of social work are mostly decided by a legal policy framework. These policies may change to accommodate new issues in society. Principles should be acknowledged on what actions to take (See Appendix 1). If Naomi and Christopher will benefit from enrolment in a day care centre and certain needs will be met by this action, then the paramountcy principle will steer the social worker towards encouraging Stephanie to enrol them. To ignore the children's needs would be legally and ethically negligent (Dickson. D, page 10). The assessment will involve the social worker having an open mind and communicating with Stephanie on a level in which she understands, not using jargon that may confuse her. Any information gathered from Stephanie should be relevant to the case. All information gathered will always be monitored and recorded, everything that is being done will be explained to Stephanie as clients have the right to know what is happening at all times throughout the process (see Appendix 2). In any assessment as a social worker your own personal beliefs, values and biases must always be acknowledged, and also the impact your approach will have on the way the assessment is carried out (Parker, J. & Bradley, G. 2005 Page 7). Stephanie will be encouraged to make decisions and the social worker will promote her independence and assist her in understanding and exercising her rights as this will affect her and her families' future. Stephanie's personal views, values and beliefs should always be respected as she is an individual and has to be treated as one at all times. It is important to be open, honest and explicit with Stephanie throughout the procedure. If Stephanie knows that she can relay and depend on you, this will help in building confidence in your relationship with her. Stephanie should always be told if you are not going to be available and tell her why for example if you have other commitments for that particular time. As a Social worker, you must attempt to create and maintain the trust and confidence of Stephanie. It will be made clear to Stephanie that any information relating to the children that will cause harm or danger to them will be reported to an appropriate authority. Any complaints from Stephanie will be taken seriously and passed on to an appropriate person. The social worker will follow a risk assessment policy and procedure to assess whether Stephanie presents a risk to her children (Dickson D. pages 91-94). In making an assessment on behalf of Stephanie, the ‘assessment triangle' (see Appendix 3) and the ‘helping cycle' will both be used (see Appendix 4). In working with Stephanie on this case the social worker must take full responsibility for any actions carried out on behalf of Stephanie whether they are right or wrong (see appendix 5). It is important as a trainee social worker to know the importance of planning and tuning in for an assessment. Each case dealt with will be different to other cases. A key element of tuning in is â€Å"preparatory empathy†. This will involve putting yourself into Stephanie's shoes, feeling what she is feeling, looking at the situation from her point of view. For example, Stephanie may be feeling depressed and helpless as a result of isolation. Financial worries may cause her to feel resentful towards Paul as he is no help to her and the children. Does she feel unable to cope as a single parent and feel that she is a bad mother (Dickson D. p17)? As the social worker has a certain power they may be able to intervene. The D.S.S. can be contacted and Stephanie can apply for an emergency payment from them until the situation is resolved. If Stephanie's money is cut this could lead to more situations arising such as rent and electricity bills not getting paid as Stephanie will not be able to afford these. This will then cause further problems for Stephanie and the children. Stephanie may become more depressed and her parenting may be affected, and the children's needs could suffer. In planning an initial assessment it will be necessary to visit Stephanie and the children. Then it will be necessary to have a discussion with Stephanie and Paul and observe their living situation focusing on the three aspects of the assessment triangle; child's developmental needs, parenting capacity, family and environmental factors. Then it is necessary to explain the Departments policy of supporting children and families to stay together (Parker. J, and Bradley. G, 2005 page 21). In the assessment of Naomi and Christopher, both of the children's development of progress will be examined, in relation to each child's age and stage of development. There must be an understanding of what the children need to achieve successfully at each stage of their development, in order to ensure that they will both have the opportunity to achieve their full potential(DOH Frame Work Assessment 1999 page 18). Providing a range of services from a multi-disciplinary team requires a high degree of co-operation and co-ordination from the professionals involved. It is to be noted that central to the whole process should be the needs and wishes of the service user. The team will include not only the professionals but also Stephanie and her family. Therefore, Stephanie's involvement and participation in her social and health care provision is taken to be fundamental. The legal definition of need is set out in article 17 of the Children's (NI) Order (1995). The Children's Order states that a child is in need if, he or she is unlikely to achieve or maintain or to have an opportunity of achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development without the provision of services (www.opsi.gov.uk). The Children's (NI) Order article 17 (1995) is based on a clean and consistent set of principles designed with the common aim of promoting the welfare of children, the rights of parents exercising their responsibilities towards their children and the duty of the state to intervene to promote and protect the welfare of children in need or at risk. The principles of the Children Order NI 1995 can be seen at www.opsi.gov.uk. As a student social worker it is necessary to adhere to the legislation put in place. Assessment is an ongoing process, in which the client participates, the purpose of which is to understand people in relation to their environment; it is the basis for planning what needs to be done to maintain, improve or bring about change in the person, the environment or both (Coulshed V, p.21). The Assessment framework will be used to assess Stephanie's case. Good assessment is crucial for the well-being of the children and the family. It has to be noted that the welfare of the children is paramount at all times. The assessment triangle will be looked at for both of the children. The first dimension of the triangle is The Child's Developmental Needs. There are seven areas in this dimension. The first area to be examined is health. Both Naomi and Christopher's health is an issue as this relates to their development as well as their physical and mental well-being. Genetic factors can be taken into consideration on health issues. As Stephanie is suffering with depression, she may not realise that the children are not receiving an adequate diet and as a result of this their health can suffer. Then there is education. This covers the children's cognitive development, which begins at birth. It includes playing and interacting with other children, access to books, to acquire a range of skills and interests, to experience success and achievement. An adult should be involved in the education of Naomi and Christopher. Stephanie should encourage her children to learn in different ways. Emotional needs and development are the concerns by appropriate responses demonstrated in the children's feelings and actions. As Naomi's teacher has noticed a change in behaviour, this will be looked at. Christopher's development will also be looked at because the health visitor has noticed that he is not developing as well as he should be. The identity of the children may affected if Stephanie's depression continues. The identity is related to how the children view themselves and their feelings of acceptance by the family and society will have an impact on this. Family and Social Relationships includes having a good relationship with parents and siblings. The children are at a young age but this may be taken into consideration as it may have an affect on them in developing relationships in later life. Their Social Presentation will be looked at, as Naomi's behaviour has deteriorated and she is also dressed inappropriately. The final area to be examined is Self Care Skills. If Naomi sees that there is something wrong with her mother, she might begin to take over some parental roles. She may be very young but she would be capable of doing things such as dressing herself and her little brother (Frame Work Assessment page 19). The next dimension of the triangle is the Parenting Capacity. Is Stephanie providing Basic Care, which includes providing for the children's physical and appropriate medical needs? Are the children receiving food, warmth, shelter, clean and appropriate clothing and adequate personal hygiene? (See Appendix 6) Is Stephanie Ensuring Safety for the children? This can mean in the home and elsewhere, for instance, crossing roads. Are the children receiving Emotional Warmth? Stephanie may not be capable of this because she is suffering with depression. She may not realise it, but at times she may not respond to the children's needs. Physical contact such as giving the children a hug can demonstrate emotional warmth. Are the children receiving Stimulation from their parents? If Paul is not spending any time with the children and Stephanie is feeling low, this will have an effect on their stimulation. The children should be in a routine and be encouraged with different tasks such as schoolwork; this will facilitate them both to meet challenges, which they will face in life. Guidance and Boundaries enable children to regulate their own emotions and behaviour. Are Stephanie and Paul preparing their children for the development of later life when they will need to know what's right and what's wrong? Self-values' and conscience are learnt through this process. If the children have no emotional support there is a danger that normal rules and boundaries within the family could break down. There is a risk of children's schoolwork and behaviour suffering as a result of the situation not being resolved quickly (Frame Work Assessment page 21). The final stage of the assessment triangle that has to be looked at is the Family and Environmental Factors. The writer will begin by examining Family History and Functioning. The children's inheritance includes both genetic and psycho-social factors. Family functioning is influenced by who is living in the house. At this stage we have to look at the fact of Paul being there. Is it doing more harm than good? Wider family members such as Stephanie's mother and sisters may be helpful in getting Stephanie back on track. It could be beneficial for all of them to come together and have a discussion about the current situation. Is the Housing adequate for the family? If Stephanie's money has been cut, will she be able to keep the home warm for the children? Is the house clean? Employment is another issue. Is Paul's pattern of work suitable? Would it be possible for Stephanie to get employment? Both these questions have an impact on the children. Income, is there enough income to provide basic needs for the children? Stephanie's benefits have been cut, this will have a major impact on the family? Will Paul help out? What are the financial difficulties that will affect the children? Families Social Integration. Stephanie feels isolated. This is not good for any of the family as she is the main carer. Stephanie should be encouraged to take up a hobby or night class. This will develop her confidence and it will have an impact on the children. The social worker should give Stephanie information on Community Resources i.e what is available for the family in the community such as play groups, mother and toddler groups, summer schemes, education learning centres, family centres. Local groups such as STEER and Gingerbread may be able to help and advise the family. From this assessment it is clear that Stephanie is at secondary level 2 of the Table For Guidance On Thresholds For Intervention For Services For Children In Need (See Appendix 7). We have to work with Stephanie now and prevent her from reaching level 3 (Frame Work Assessment page 24). We can work with a multidisciplinary team to resolve any issues that have developed. To oppress a person is to treat them in a very harsh and unfair way and cause them to feel anxious or distressed, (a definition from the Oxford Dictionary). As a result of this family living in poverty they will be oppressed. This will have a high impact on all of the family and also cause different problems. The family may be stigmatised. Teachers in Naomi's school may have labeled Stephanie as being an unfit parent without knowing any of the facts about her situation. Where is the poverty coming from and what is the reason that this family is living in poverty? There are many reasons for poverty to occur within families. Because Stephanie is female she may be discriminated against when trying to gain employment. She may have little or no education. The question has to be asked if she was employed would she be provided with childcare? All aspects have to be looked at and must be taken into consideration when Stephanie is looking at herself as a person and parent (Thompson, N. 2001). As Stephanie is not working, Paul is the main earner for the family but he is not providing for them in such a way that they can live without money worries. Paul is also claiming to be living at his parents house, so he is not taking any responsibility for the income of the family. Stephanie is the one that does everything in the household and paying the bills is a major role. Stephanie's strengths and weaknesses could be looked at and developed. Stephanie may have the capability of returning to education and getting some qualifications, which would enable her to gain employment. With the help of her mother and sisters she could develop her confidence and this will also play a major part on reducing her depression. Stephanie may be taking medication for her depression but the social worker can look at other methods of treatment such as cognitive therapy. Stephanie has to look at her relationship with Paul and ask herself if she is doing the right thing for her children by letting him stay in their home. Stephanies' mother would like to see Paul out of her daughters life which is not possible as he has a right to see his children, but she can encourage Stephanie and support her if this is what it takes.

Start Writing a Book 7 Best Practices to Become an Author Fast

Start Writing a Book 7 Best Practices to Become an Author Fast Start Writing a Book: 7 Best Practices to Become an Author Fast Writing a book is intimidating.When youre not sure how to start writing a book, it can paralyze you. But we have the best top steps to start writing a book today so you can become an author!Beginning the process of writing a book and presenting it to a worldwide audience is very exciting but also a little scary espeically if you mess it up and end up making a fool of yourself.Its a fear we all have, trust me.You have amazing book ideas that you want to share with the world, and you’re more motivated than ever to educate your readers about them!Here are the steps for how to start writing a book well cover:Set up your writing environmentDevelop a writing habitCreate a book outline to start writingFocus on writing your book ONLYMaintain your focusSchedule book writing timeDeal with writing distractionsStart writing your book!Once you begin, you may realize that writing a book is hard work. There are many obstacles that can prevent you from writing and can create stress leading t o anxiety. For example, you may find yourself in front of a blank page unable to type and thinking of stressful questions like:â€Å"How do I even start writing a book?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do I need to blog first?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Should I start without an outline†?Writing a book shouldnt be this hard!But many get overwhelmed because they lack a writing process.Start Writing a Book for Success with FREE TrainingIf you want to skip right ahead to what willreally help you start writing, then youll want to check out this free training we put together for you.With your FREE training, we can help you understand HOW to start a book and self-publish it so the maximum number of people can enjoy it.Just click the button below to TAKE ACTION on your dream and lets do this together.Click here to save your spotHow to Start Writing a BookStep-by-StepIf you’re feeling demotivated when it comes to starting your book, you’re not alone. Writing can still be one of the hardest parts for mos t authors even if they havebeenwritingfor a long time!Fortunately, there are some extremely effective techniques for how to start writing a book and overcoming these hurdles.Well cover what you can put into action to assure you show up with a game plan to get your thoughts out of your head, down on paper, and into the minds of your readers.Ready to start your journey to becoming a bestselling author? Lets go!How to Start Writing a Book for BeginnersBelieve it or not, writing a book isnt as difficult as its made to seem. At least, getting started isnt.We have a complete guide that will cover best practices to start writing a book asap even today if you sit down and put your pen to paper, so to speak.#1 Set Up Your Book Writing EnvironmentOne of the most importantthings to remember if you want to start writing a book is designing an environment that allows your creativity to flourish unhindered.Create an environment that is designed to help you stay focused.Whether you prefer noisy environments or absolute solitude, it’s up to you to determine  which will get you into the writer’s flow.What you want to avoid is a super messy environment, even if you think you work well in those types of spaces (like the one featured below).If anything can distract you from writing, its not worth it.Here are a few ideas to create your ideal space for writing:Have collections of inspiration.Decorate your work area with inspiring quotes or pictures that house references to deep work.Unclutter your space.Create an uncluttered open space to help organize not only what you need, but also your thoughts.Be Flexible.Your creative space doesn’t need to be one spot, it can be anywhere. Even your favorite authorshave discovered their best ideasin the most unexpected places.Buy a calendar:Your book will get written faster if you have set goals for the week/day. The best way to manage this is by scheduling your time on a calendar. Schedule every hour that you commit t o your author business. What gets scheduled, gets done.Create a music playlist for inspiration:Many authors can write to the sound of their favorite tunes. Is there anything that gets you working faster? Do you write better with deeper focus when listening to rock music or classical? Set up several playlists that you can use to get into the flow of writing.Try Multiple Locations.You wont know how creative you can be if you dont try different spots to write. Maybe writing from your bed is your ideal creative space. What about working in a noisy cafe? Change up your location frequently particularly if you feel creatively spent.Here are some more tips for starting your book and putting together your writing environment:How to Start Writing TipExecutionMinimize Distractions- isolate yourself from family/friends/even the family dog - remind everyone it's YOUR time - Turn your phone off - Close ALL web browsers - Close your emailGet Comfortable- invest in a GOOD chair - or resort to using a stand-up desk for more energy - fill the area with motivational quotes - make sure you're physically comfortable for the next 30 minutes or an hourChoose Beneficial Background Noise- turn off all sounds if it distracts you - turn on lyric-less music to help you concentrate - choose energizing music to help you focus#2 Develop a Writing HabitThe number one reason authors fail to publish a book is because they never finish the book they intend to publish. Why?Because they didn’t form a good writing habit.Feeling overwhelmed when writing a book is natural, but you must remember that this  journey always begins with the first page. And in order to write your first page, you must take action.For example, schedule your writing time daily so that you can stick to a solid writing routine that will allow you to make real progress.This is why having a writing habit will develop your writer’s flow.Your writing habitcan start small. Don’t overwhelm yourself thinking t hat you must write your every thought on the page. You can start with a few paragraphs, a sentence, or even just a word.The purpose of this exercise is to commit to your writing session every day until it has become second nature. #3 Create an OutlineA clear book outline provides clarity and direction to your story. It is also the roadmap for your book that keeps you on track and ensures you have all your ideas organized in a natural flow. And thats not even to mention that it helps you write a lot faster, too.There are many types of outlines you can use here.We highly recommend starting with the mindmap outline and then moving to the sticky note method, as our students find it the most helpful.When you get stuck or suffer writers block, you can always go back to your outline to find what comes next regardless of whether the book is 100 pages or 300 pages long. It will help you see the overall picture.If youre not sure how to outline a book, weve got a handy video right here for yo u to learn: Before you write, spend some time creating your outlinewith these steps:Brainstorm:  List every thought and story idea you want in your book by creating a mind map.Organize:  Combine all related ideas together.Order:  Arrange ideas into subsections from general to specific.Label:  Create main and subheadings that will eventually be your chapters. Action Step: Spend a good portion of your time constructing an outline. If you want more on creating it, be sure to check out our guide.#4 Work on ONLY WritingOne challenge many authors experience is taking on multiple new projects when they should be focused  on one because their minds are full of amazing book ideas.Although enticing, the division of attention can spread your energy thin producing bad writing or worse, failure to complete your book.But dont worry. Weve all experienced shiny new book idea syndrome before!There’s only one clear solution to this problem: Cut the clutter and focus on one project u ntil it’s finished.Be fully committed to starting your book by doing the following:Create an action plan that breaks down the entire project into realistic portions to complete.Set hard deadlines for each and every phase of your book.Learn to say â€Å"NO† to any additional projects no matter how intriguing they appear. Action Step:Create an action plan and commit to it. Learn to be selfish and practice saying NO often. Its better to complete one book and get it right than to write two books with poor results.#5 Maintain Your FocusOnce you get into the flow of starting your book, you want to remain focused through the duration of your writing session. Any break to your concentration can set you back 20-30 minutes and disrupt your flow.We become less efficient when we are distracted, and it can end up taking twice as long to complete our writing.Thankfully, there are very effective techniques that can help you remain centered andin the moment.Leave the distractions beh ind by doing the following:Create a writing schedule.   Schedule your writing for the same time each day. This conditioning will develop your writing habit until it becomes as natural as knowing when to brush your teeth.Use the Pomodoro Technique.  This is a time management strategy that breaks down work into intervals separated by short breaks. With a clock ticking, you will less likely be distracted by email or social media.Turn off your phone. Your phone is the most addicting device that steals your precious attention. Don’t let it take that from you, turn it off. If you dont want to turn it off, then download a writing software or app that limits distractions.Have a Task Management app.  Task Manager apps, like Todoist,  helps you organize your tasks by their time and priority, so you know exactly what to do in what order the next day.Disconnect from the Internet. Want to ensure you dont get distracted by email notifications, Facebook notifications, etc.? Disconne ct your computer from the Internet and enjoy distraction-free writing time. Action Step:Experiment with each of these productivity techniques and optimize your writer’s flow. By becoming a productivity expert, you will easily double your output and complete your book in no time.#6 Schedule Your Writing TimeJerry Seinfeld is one of the most popular comedians of all time, and he attributes his success to his unbelievably strong writing habits. In the early days of his career, Seinfeld was asked how he managed to have such great content.He said, â€Å"The way to be a better comic is to create better jokes, and the way to create better jokes was to write every day.†Seinfeld used the â€Å"Calendar Method†, otherwise known as the â€Å"Don’t Break the Chain† method, and it worked like this:Get yourself a calendar, and hang it on the wall.For each day you write, draw an X on the calendar for that day. By the end of the week, you should have a row of Xs at the end.If you miss a day, start over and see how long you can go before breaking the chain.If you can keep this chain going, you will write your book faster than you can imagine. Action Step:Buy yourself a calendar and get started on the â€Å"Calendar Method! Being held accountable will keep you motivated and not â€Å"Break the Chain.#7 Deal With Writing DistractionsDistractions can hinder you and your deisre to start writing a book.Resistance is a common obstacle that has the ability to distract us for too long. Its a form of fear that intimidates you from writing and can throw you off your writer’s flow.Not only do you have the distractions of everyday life, but if someone in your life has qualms with you spending time to write, it can be extra difficult to concentrate and just write.Everyone has encountered this awful feeling, but it doesn’t have to defeat you.Here are a few ways to deal with resistance:Read morning affirmations.Affirmations are powerful sn ippets of positive words that set the tone and atmosphere for writing. An affirmation could be a quote from a writer, a motivational speech from a public figure, or an inspirational video.Free Flow for 10 Minutes.Julia Cameron, the bestselling author of The Artist’s Way, called these morning pages, and its purpose is to clear your mind of all the anxiety and junk rolling around in your head onto a piece of paper. Write anything. You don’t have to edit, publish, or have a word count, it’s simply a 10-minute exercise to clear out heavy thoughts and prepare you for a more productive day.This is best done with pen and paper instead of typing into a document with your digital device.Exercise.Exercising is not only good for your healthbut will help keep you mentally sharp. Working out will increase the blood flow to the brain which will sharpen your awareness and give you the energy you need to tackle your book. Action Step:Create a resistance plan! Figure out which m ethods best filter out the negative noise and get you to prepared to write.Start Writing a Book TODAY!If you want to become a published author, you must take ownership of your writing habits. By following these seven strategies, you can have a completed book within months and be on your way to becoming a successful writer.But what can you do right now to ensure the success of the book youre going to start writing? Weve got them for you.#1 Join your free training!Thats right! We have free training thatsjust for you! Chandler Bolt will walk you through everything you need to go from blank page to published author in as little as 90 days.

HealthCare Fraud

HealthCare Fraud For many years the United States government has taken keen interest on the welfare of the healthcare consumers, especially in regard to healthcare fraud. Notably there have been numerous fraudulent transactions within the American healthcare system, which have had severe medical and financial implications. Specifically, the United States government has lost billion of dollars due to healthcare fraud. This is coupled with many patients who have been conned off their benefits as a result of transfer of policy to a different. As a result the United States government came up with laws to regulate the healthcare sector and minimize, as well as prosecute cases of fraud. These laws are famously referred to as The Anti-Kickback Statutes. The case of Sundown Community Hospital and Central Park Medical Group joint venture, which offered financial benefits to facilitate the agreement on the transfer to patients, a majority of whom are under Medicare plan, violates the requirement of the Anti-Ki ckback law. However, this plan can still be safeguarded if it is modeled along a different approach which fulfills the requirement of ‘safe harbor’ exemptions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on HealthCare Fraud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been a number of healthcare landmark cases, such as Feldstein v. Nash Community Health Services, Inc., which have brought forth a number of urgent concerns. Suffice to state that healthcare issues are intricate and complicated to the extent that the United States government developed a set of detailed statues referred to as the Anti-Kickback Statutes to address emergent issues in healthcare provision (Office of Inspector General, 1999; Altshuler, Creekpaum and Fang 2008). The main purpose for this law is to protect the welfare of healthcare consumers from exploitation by fraudulent healthcare providers. One of the major concerns that arise is the determination of whether any (healthcare) transaction is either a minor misdemeanor or fraud. In this regard, it is the primary objective of the prosecutor to determine whether there was intent and objective of obtaining kickbacks. Furthermore, debate still ranges on, on the definition of the terms kickback and bribe. Out of Subsequent cases, there have emerged several interpretations of the terms kickback. The United States V Hancock case assumed the broader interpretation of the term kickback as the intentional receiving of payments fraudulently. This definition does not however, address other issues of concern such as nonfinancial benefits. As a result, the congressional amendments of 1977 stipulated that Medicare fraud did not have to result in a kickback. Currently, the Social Security Act stipulates that any party in a Medicare agreement cannot offer or receive payments or any other benefits to engineer a business deal (Schwartz, 2003). Just like the Feldstein v. Nash Communi ty Health Services, Inc., the Sundown Community Hospital and Central Park Medical Group joint venture involves financial and social security privileges to employees. Sundown Community Hospital is intending to make the deal a success and as such has to put together an attractive offer to Central Park Medical Group in terms of permanent staff privileges to Central Park owners.Advertising Looking for research paper on health law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This also includes monthly bonuses. Since the deal is proposed by Sundown Community Hospital, the privileges to Central Park Medical Group staff are intended to make an appeal and as such avoid any objection to the deal. Furthermore, 60% of the healthcare consumers at Central Park Medical Group are under Medicare plan. This implies that Sundown Community Hospital stands to benefit directly from the joint ownership of these consumers who are on Medicare. Such impl ications made Sundown Community Hospital to offer kickbacks in terms of indirect payments to permanent staff, to successfully engineer the deal. It can thus be concluded that such kickbacks were made willfully and knowingly to induce business. The anti-kickback statute prohibits and criminalizes any willful payments made knowingly to engineer the referral or transfer of any individual who is a beneficiary of any medicare scheme. As such the statute proposes criminal penalties for any payments made, such as in the United States v Jain to induce the said referrals and transfers, which includes prison terms and fines. Furthermore, any party found to have willfully offer or received such payments attracts criminal liability for such offenses (Romano and Fox, 2009). This case is therefore in contravention of the Anti-kickback Statutes as well as the 1996 regulation on the movement of healthcare consumers between providers, referred to as The Health Insurance Portability and Accountabilit y Act (Price and Norris, 2009). Therefore, the joint venture between Sundown Community Hospital and Central Park Medical Group cannot proceed since the two parties faces criminal charges for giving and receiving indirect payment to induce referrals of Medicare consumers. This deal can however go ahead, but under the 1972 congressional amendments which provided for certain safe harbors regulations. Within these regulations, there are certain business transactions which are can be exempted from the Anti-Kickback Statutes (Schwartz, 2003). While there are numerous safe harbor regulations, two specific one can protect this deal from criminal liability. Specialty Referral Arrangements between Providers is a regulation within the Anti-kickback Statutes that safeguards the referrals and transfer of Medicare beneficiaries between providers. Under this provision, it is possible to refer a patient from the primary physician to a secondary physician on grounds of specialized treatment.Advertis ing We will write a custom research paper sample on HealthCare Fraud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The regulation also stipulates that the party to whom the patient is being referred to has the obligation of referring the patient back to the primary healthcare provider at some point during the course of the treatment (Office of Inspector General, 1999). Suffice to say that this kind of an arrangement is closely monitored to ensure that such transfers are motivated by the need for further medical treatment from specialized physician and not timed to benefit the second party financially. As such, Sundown Community Hospital and Central Park Medical Group patient transfers are only applicable on the grounds of specialized medical treatment. Furthermore, Anti-Kickback Statutes do not exempt such kind of a transaction to the extent of financial benefits if the patient is on a Federal Healthcare plan. In this case, the parties involved i n this plan have to ensure that the 60% of patients are under a state controlled medical plan before filing for exemption from the Anti-Kickback Statutes. Transfer of patients who are on any form of Medicare plan is not necessarily a fraud. As such, the parties involved may not be criminally liable for engineering patient transfer and co ownership deals on certain grounds. The Sundown Community Hospital / Central Park Medical Group joint venture is however suspect. Borrowing from rulings such as Feldstein v. Nash Community Health Services, United States V Hancock and others, the two parties involved are criminally liable since they knowingly exchanged payments as part of the business agreement. As such the deal is not motivated by medical reasons and as such need to be redesigned to avoid prosecution.Advertising Looking for research paper on health law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Altshuler, M., Creekpaum, J., Fang, J.. (2008). Health care fraud. The American Criminal Law Review, 45(2), 607-664. Office of Inspector General (1999). Federal Anti-Kickback Law and regulatory safe harbor. Web. Price, M., and Norris, D. (2009). Health care fraud: Physicians as white collar criminals? Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Web. Romano, D. and Fox, A. (2009). What to do when you’re recruitment agreement leaves town. AHLA Connections. Web. Schwartz, J. (2003). Elaborating on sham transactions as evidence of violations of the anti-kickback statute. Journal of Law Policy. Web.

Harvard Reflection Paper - Job Sculpting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harvard Reflection Paper - Job Sculpting - Essay Example James Waldroop on the other hand, is a business school graduate with expertise in entrepreneurship and human resource management. The experience of the two authors was relevant to write on human resource management. From the publication, I learnt that every person has the power of having an employee expertise required by an organization. I learnt that like everyone else I have the urge of having the opportunity of serving in the top management of an organization. The difference is that some people have the required expertise while others lack the level of education required (Harvard Business School Press, 2008). However, this does not hinder people from having a dream. It is human nature that we want to be the chief commanding officer in any organization. Not just for the job description but for the rewards that come with it. Every human has the hope and faith that they will be successful in life. The human nature is fashioned in a manner that it is never satisfied with its current achievements. The urge of having more makes the world competitive and developing. According to Harvard Business Review (2011) all humans under an organization have the hop e that one day they will move a step from their current job description. Job sculpting revolves around human nature, and the will of individuals to succeed. The will of individuals to succeed creates the difference in the way employees are devoted to their work. When sourcing for employees, personal will to succeed should be considered as an added advantage. In an argument by Harvard Business School Press (2006) personal attributes should make the most of the requirement needed by employers. In terms of retaining employees, employers should satisfy the employee need for rewards and incentives. Rewards and incentives make employees more inclined to working and achieving an organizations goal. In any organizational setting, employees are required to be devoted to achieving the goals of the organization. It is

Sound Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sound - Term Paper Example In this essay we are going to access the health effects of sound pollution to the human ear (Roberts, 6). Noise pollution is caused by industrial machines, building machines, motor vehicles, trains, and aircraft. This noise is produced in excess that is harmful to the human ear. Noise pollution has negatively affected the lives of people. There has been a direct link of noise pollution with health. Problems connected with noise pollution includes diseases related with stress like high blood pressure, loss of hearing, interference with speech, disruption when sleeping and lose productivity. The most commonly discussed disease is the Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Research has shown that constant exposure to high levels of noise can cause numerous unfavorable health effects. (United States Comparative Ranking, 1975. 8) Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, usual auditory function of one’s ears are affected by too much noise. One is considered to have the ability to hear if he is capable of detecting sound within the frequency of 16-20,000 Hz. The diagram below shows how the h uman ear functions. The threshold of audibility or the point at which sounds are barely detectable is shown below. In clinical hearing evaluation, normal hearing falls within a range of 0 to 25 dB of the threshold of audibility. . The capability to hear means being able of detecting sounds within the frequency range of 16-20,000 Hz. The threshold of audibility or the point at which sounds are barely detectable is shown in Figure 2-2. In clinical hearing assessment, normal hearing falls within a range of 0 to 25 dB of the threshold of audibility. To understand more about the effects of sound to our ears, we are going to see the parts of the ear in the diagram below. The outer ear has the auricle or pinna [1] the auditory canal [2]. The pinna of human ear is a residual composition though it may aid in the localization of sound